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Although wine was an important part of the Greek diet, the Hippocratics did not attribute to it an exclusive role as a cause of diseases. This article explores the Hippocratic epistemological system in search of the reasons for this... more
Although wine was an important part of the Greek diet, the Hippocratics did not attribute to it an exclusive role as a cause of diseases. This article explores the Hippocratic epistemological system in search of the reasons for this indifference. The Corpus is based on pre-reflective notions of totality, adequacy and open temporality. The first means that wine is regarded as a mere carrier of the qualitative elements (dry, wet, hot, cold) making up the Universe; the second, that it does not confer an immutable effect, irrespective of the circumstances; lastly, the third leads the Hippocratic view to prognosis at the detriment of the causes, which might include contumacious intoxication. Taken together, these notions preclude the Hippocratic view from associating wine with a specific disease. PALAVRAS-CHAVE História da medicina Alcoolismo Conhecimento Causalidade Fatores de tempo RESUMO Ainda que o vinho fosse parte importante da dietética grega, os hipocráticos não lhe atribuem papel exclusivo na geração das doenças. Este artigo explora o sistema epistemológico hipocrático, buscando nele as razões dessa indiferença. O Corpus é fundamentado nas noções pré-reflexivas de totalidade, adequação e temporalidade aberta. A primeira faz com que se veja o vinho como mero portador dos elementos qualitativos (secura, umidade, calor, frio) que compõem o universo; a segunda, com que não se lhe conceda efeito imutável, independente das circunstâncias; por último, a terceira direciona o olhar hipocrático à prognose em detrimento das causas, entre as quais poderia figurar a embriaguez contumaz. Somadas, essas noções impedem que o olhar hipocrático associe ao vinho uma doença exclusiva.
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Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) was one of the pioneers in the approach of the psychiatric psychopathology and the phenomenological philosophy field. A panoramic historiographical review of the author reveals the methodological development... more
Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) was one of the pioneers in the approach of the psychiatric psychopathology and the phenomenological philosophy field. A panoramic historiographical review of the author reveals the methodological development of his phenomenological work in three phases of distinct philosophical inspirations. The first one is the Husserlian phase with the application of the concept of intentionality of consciousness; the second one is the Daseinsanalytic of the Heiddeguerian inspiration phase, followed by the last phase, which is the return to Husserlian thought in his late writings. The present study will focus on the analysis of dialogues and the articulations between the phases of Binswanger's thinking, proposing the hypothesis of a continuous axis in the methodological itinerary of his work, with the objective of creating a scientific epistemological framework for the field of psychiatry. Ludwig Binswanger: a edificação de um fundamento epistemológico para a psiquiatria Resumo Ludwig Binswanger foi um dos pioneiros na aproximação da psicopatologia psiquiátrica e o campo da filosofia fenomenológica. Uma revisão historiográfica panorâmica do autor revela o desenvolvimento metodológico de sua obra fenomenológica em três fases de distintas inspirações filosóficas. Primeira fase husserliana com a aplicação do conceito de intencionalidade da consciência, segunda fase daseinsanalítica de inspiração heiddegueriana, seguida pela última fase de retorno ao pensamento husserliano, agora em seus escritos tardios. O presente estudo tem como enfoque, a análise dos diálogos e articulações entre as fases do pensamento binswangeriano, propondo a hipótese de um eixo constante no itinerário metodológico de sua obra, com o objetivo de criar um fundamento epistemológico científico para o campo da psiquiatria. Palavras chave: Ludwig Binswanger; psicopatologia fenomenológica; daseinsanálise; filosofia antropológica; epistemologia; história da psiquiatria.
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Phenomenological psychopathology is a body of scientific knowledge on which the clinical practice of psychiatry is based since the first decades of the twentieth century, a method to assess the patient's abnormal experiences from their... more
Phenomenological psychopathology is a body of scientific knowledge on which the clinical practice of psychiatry is based since the first decades of the twentieth century, a method to assess the patient's abnormal experiences from their own perspective, and more importantly, a science responsible for delimiting the object of psychiatry. Recently, the frontiers of phenomenological psychopathology have expanded to the productive development of therapeutic strategies that target the whole of existence in their actions. In this article, we present an overview of the current state of this discipline, summing up some of its key concepts, and highlighting its importance to clinical psychiatry today. Phenomenological psychopathology understands mental disorders as modifications of the main dimensions of the life-world: lived time, lived space, lived body, intersubjectivity, and selfhood. Psychopathological symptoms are the expression of a dialectical modification of the proportions of certain domains of the life-world or of the lived experience. The far-reaching relevance of the concepts of proportion and dialectics for the clinical agenda is explored. The article presents two contemporary models for clinical practice based on phenomenological psychopathology: Dialectical-proportional oriented approach and Person-centered dialectic approach (P.H.D. method). The main characteristics of these approaches are considered, as well as the new perspectives they bring to the challenges of psychiatric care in the twentieth-first century.
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Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica/Phenomenological Studies, Vol. 24, Nr. 2, 2018
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Resumo: A partir da concepção de psicopatologia como ciência humana básica autônoma, propomos nesse artigo um método qualitativo para exploração aprofundada das vivências psicológicas transtornadas. Nossa proposta metodológica ajusta-se à... more
Resumo: A partir da concepção de psicopatologia como ciência humana básica autônoma, propomos nesse artigo um método qualitativo para exploração aprofundada das vivências psicológicas transtornadas. Nossa proposta metodológica ajusta-se à realização de uma ciência psicopatologia fenomenológica dialético-essencialista, cujos conceitos fundamentais são essência, proporção dialética e estrutura. Essa perspectiva centraliza o interesse científico psicopatológico nas tensões existenciais entre o individual e o geral e entre o movimento e a estabilidade. O processo de diagnóstico psicopatológico fenomenológico, calcado na interpessoalidade, será detalhado aqui em cinco etapas. São elas: relato do sujeito e descrição psicopatológica; ressonância afetiva; terceiridade dual; intuição eidética e redução fenomenológica; e compreensão transcendental da estrutura. Acredita-se que, com o uso dessa metodologia, possamos colaborar para o aprofundamento do ato diagnóstico, assim como fornecer subsídios mais consistentes para a compreensão da prática terapêutica e a produção da agenda de pesquisa científica.
Abstract: From the conception of psychopathology as an autonomous basic human science, we propose in this article a qualitative method for the deep exploration of disturbed psychological experiences. Our methodological proposal adjusts to the realization of a dialectic-essentialist phenomenological psychopathology, whose fundamental concepts are essence, dialectical proportion and structure. This perspective centralizes the psychopathological scientific interest in the existential tensions between the individual and the general and between the movement and the stability. The process of phenomenological psychopathological diagnosis, based on interpersonality, will be detailed here in five stages. They are: subjective report and psychopathological description; affective resonance; dual thirdness; eidetic intuition and phenomenological reduction; and transcendental understanding of structure. It is believed that with the use of this methodology, we can collaborate to deepen the diagnostic act, as well as provide more consistent subsidies for the understanding of therapeutic practice and the production of the scientific research agenda.
Abstract: From the conception of psychopathology as an autonomous basic human science, we propose in this article a qualitative method for the deep exploration of disturbed psychological experiences. Our methodological proposal adjusts to the realization of a dialectic-essentialist phenomenological psychopathology, whose fundamental concepts are essence, dialectical proportion and structure. This perspective centralizes the psychopathological scientific interest in the existential tensions between the individual and the general and between the movement and the stability. The process of phenomenological psychopathological diagnosis, based on interpersonality, will be detailed here in five stages. They are: subjective report and psychopathological description; affective resonance; dual thirdness; eidetic intuition and phenomenological reduction; and transcendental understanding of structure. It is believed that with the use of this methodology, we can collaborate to deepen the diagnostic act, as well as provide more consistent subsidies for the understanding of therapeutic practice and the production of the scientific research agenda.
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Resumo: Os nomes de Foucault e Binswanger figuram lado a lado com tão pouca frequência que, à primeira vista, a aproximação entre os autores pode apresentar-se como uma questão despropositada. No presente tra-balho, com base na análise de... more
Resumo: Os nomes de Foucault e Binswanger figuram lado a lado com tão pouca frequência que, à primeira vista, a aproximação entre os autores pode apresentar-se como uma questão despropositada. No presente tra-balho, com base na análise de algumas de suas obras e nas contribuições de seus comentadores, procuramos apresentar algumas indicações para uma breve incursão em certos aspectos da história desse acercamento, cujos desdobramentos não se reduzem a uma casual afinidade intelectual entre o filósofo francês e o psiquia-tria suíço. Defendemos a existência de uma convergência entre ambos, centrada em aspectos como a recusa de modelos explicativos organicistas e psicodinâmicos; e a utilização metodológica da noção de a priori. Concluímos pela existência de uma importante aproximação entre as obras dos dois autores. Palavras-chave: Michel Foucault; Ludwig Binswanger; Fenomenologia. Abstract: The names Foucault and Binswanger are so seldom seen together that the question of any convergence between the authors may at first sound preposterous. In the present study, based on the analysis of some of their works and on contributions from their commentators, we sought to present some indications for a brief incursion into certain aspects of the story behind this connection, whose implications cannot be dismissed as a mere casual intellectual affinity between the French philosopher and Swiss psychiatrist. We argue that there exists a convergence between the two, centered on aspects such as the rejection of organicist and psychodynamic explanatory models; and the methodological use of the notion of a priori. We conclude that there is an important convergence between the works of the two authors. Resumen: Los nombres de Foucault y Binswanger aparecen uno junto al otro tan infrecuentemente que, inicialmente, la aproximación entre los autores puede presentarse como una cuestión sin sentido. En este trabajo, basado en el análisis de algunas de sus obras y en las contribuciones de sus comentadores, hemos buscado presentar algunas indicaciones para una breve incursión en determinados aspectos de la historia de esta aproximación, cuyos desenvolvimientos no se reducen a una casual afinidad intelectual entre el filósofo francés y el psiquiatra suizo. Defendemos la existencia de una convergencia entre los dos, centrada en aspec-tos como el rechazo a los modelos explicativos organicistas y psicodinámicos; y el empleo metodológico de la noción de a priori. Concluimos en favor de la existencia de una importante aproximación entre las obras de los dos autores.
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Resumo: Os nomes de Foucault e Binswanger figuram lado a lado com tão pouca frequência que, à primeira vista, a aproximação entre os autores pode apresentar-se como uma questão despropositada. No presente tra-balho, com base na análise de... more
Resumo: Os nomes de Foucault e Binswanger figuram lado a lado com tão pouca frequência que, à primeira vista, a aproximação entre os autores pode apresentar-se como uma questão despropositada. No presente tra-balho, com base na análise de algumas de suas obras e nas contribuições de seus comentadores, procuramos apresentar algumas indicações para uma breve incursão em certos aspectos da história desse acercamento, cujos desdobramentos não se reduzem a uma casual afinidade intelectual entre o filósofo francês e o psiquia-tria suíço. Defendemos a existência de uma convergência entre ambos, centrada em aspectos como a recusa de modelos explicativos organicistas e psicodinâmicos; e a utilização metodológica da noção de a priori. Concluímos pela existência de uma importante aproximação entre as obras dos dois autores. Palavras-chave: Michel Foucault; Ludwig Binswanger; Fenomenologia.
Abstract: The names Foucault and Binswanger are so seldom seen together that the question of any convergence between the authors may at first sound preposterous. In the present study, based on the analysis of some of their works and on contributions from their commentators, we sought to present some indications for a brief incursion into certain aspects of the story behind this connection, whose implications cannot be dismissed as a mere casual intellectual affinity between the French philosopher and Swiss psychiatrist. We argue that there exists a convergence between the two, centered on aspects such as the rejection of organicist and psychodynamic explanatory models; and the methodological use of the notion of a priori. We conclude that there is an important convergence between the works of the two authors.
Resumen: Los nombres de Foucault y Binswanger aparecen uno junto al otro tan infrecuentemente que, inicialmente, la aproximación entre los autores puede presentarse como una cuestión sin sentido. En este trabajo, basado en el análisis de algunas de sus obras y en las contribuciones de sus comentadores, hemos buscado presentar algunas indicaciones para una breve incursión en determinados aspectos de la historia de esta aproximación, cuyos desenvolvimientos no se reducen a una casual afinidad intelectual entre el filósofo francés y el psiquiatra suizo. Defendemos la existencia de una convergencia entre los dos, centrada en aspec-tos como el rechazo a los modelos explicativos organicistas y psicodinámicos; y el empleo metodológico de la noción de a priori. Concluimos en favor de la existencia de una importante aproximación entre las obras de los dos autores.
Abstract: The names Foucault and Binswanger are so seldom seen together that the question of any convergence between the authors may at first sound preposterous. In the present study, based on the analysis of some of their works and on contributions from their commentators, we sought to present some indications for a brief incursion into certain aspects of the story behind this connection, whose implications cannot be dismissed as a mere casual intellectual affinity between the French philosopher and Swiss psychiatrist. We argue that there exists a convergence between the two, centered on aspects such as the rejection of organicist and psychodynamic explanatory models; and the methodological use of the notion of a priori. We conclude that there is an important convergence between the works of the two authors.
Resumen: Los nombres de Foucault y Binswanger aparecen uno junto al otro tan infrecuentemente que, inicialmente, la aproximación entre los autores puede presentarse como una cuestión sin sentido. En este trabajo, basado en el análisis de algunas de sus obras y en las contribuciones de sus comentadores, hemos buscado presentar algunas indicaciones para una breve incursión en determinados aspectos de la historia de esta aproximación, cuyos desenvolvimientos no se reducen a una casual afinidad intelectual entre el filósofo francés y el psiquiatra suizo. Defendemos la existencia de una convergencia entre los dos, centrada en aspec-tos como el rechazo a los modelos explicativos organicistas y psicodinámicos; y el empleo metodológico de la noción de a priori. Concluimos en favor de la existencia de una importante aproximación entre las obras de los dos autores.
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A psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência (PIA) praticamente não existia como uma disciplina até a metade do século XX. As primeiras cadeiras dessa disciplina apareceram nos anos 50 nos EUA e na Europa, marcando o início de um processo de... more
A psiquiatria da Infância e Adolescência (PIA) praticamente não existia como uma disciplina até a metade do século XX. As primeiras cadeiras dessa disciplina apareceram nos anos 50 nos EUA e na Europa, marcando o início de um processo de mudança de paradigma sobre a compreensão do desenvolvimento infantil. O desenvolvimento era concebido, até então, como um processo praticamente autossuficiente, necessitando de pouco amparo além da subsistência básica (nutrição, por exemplo) para o seu desenrolar saudável. Esse conceito foi substituído pela concepção de que o desenvolvimento, para atingir sua potencialidade ao longo do processo de maturação, necessita de um olhar cuidadoso em cada etapa para o reconhecimento dos pontos de vulnerabilidade, assim como do delineamento de intervenções terapêuticas se necessárias e, quando possível, preventivas ou precoces.
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Resumo O objetivo desta análise foi estabelecer medidas para o reconhecimento do desenvolvimento infantil saudável, campo ainda carente de análises fenomenológicas, apresentando, a partir da concepção da fenomenologia estrutural, uma... more
Resumo O objetivo desta análise foi estabelecer medidas para o reconhecimento do desenvolvimento infantil saudável, campo ainda carente de análises fenomenológicas, apresentando, a partir da concepção da fenomenologia estrutural, uma proposta de compreensão das características da espacialidade na estrutura psíquica da criança de 0 a 24 meses de idade. A estrutura psíquica não é inata em seu desenho final (adulto). Seu formato imaturo, ao longo do desenvolvimento, proporciona uma experiência de estar no mundo qualitativamente diferente do adulto. Neste artigo, descreveu-se a conformação estrutural da espacialidade e suas modificações ao longo do período delimitado, assim como as mudanças na possibilidade de vivenciar as experiências. Abstract This article proposes a structural-phenomenological approach to the "experience of the world" for children from 0 to 24 months of age through the examination of spatiality and its transformation during this period. The aim of this work is to establish milestones so as to recognize normal development through the acknowledgment of spatiality´s aprioristic form and its expected transformation. The
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This article dwells on the construction of the differential diagnosis when studying the case of a woman aged 43, white, childless, called T., served in primary care teams of the Family Health Strategy - ESF and Support Center Family... more
This article dwells on the construction of the differential diagnosis when
studying the case of a woman aged 43, white, childless, called T., served in
primary care teams of the Family Health Strategy - ESF and Support Center
Family Health - NASF. For this, adopts the Phenomenological Psychopathology
as theoretical basis, trying to analyze the different psychopathological
diagnoses proposed by health professionals responsible for monitoring the case
over time. The study concludes that the Phenomenological Psychopathology is
the theoretical principle which, - since it gives importance to longitudinal
follow-up and recovery of all the biographical events - coincide with the
guidelines found in the Brazilian public health, according to what is
recommended by the National Health System - SUS.
studying the case of a woman aged 43, white, childless, called T., served in
primary care teams of the Family Health Strategy - ESF and Support Center
Family Health - NASF. For this, adopts the Phenomenological Psychopathology
as theoretical basis, trying to analyze the different psychopathological
diagnoses proposed by health professionals responsible for monitoring the case
over time. The study concludes that the Phenomenological Psychopathology is
the theoretical principle which, - since it gives importance to longitudinal
follow-up and recovery of all the biographical events - coincide with the
guidelines found in the Brazilian public health, according to what is
recommended by the National Health System - SUS.
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The observation of the relations between drugs of abuse and psychosis is an ancient theme in psychiatry, although the characteristics of these relationships are not undisputedly established until our days. A putative reason for this could... more
The observation of the relations between drugs of abuse and psychosis is an ancient theme in psychiatry, although the characteristics of these relationships are not undisputedly established until our days. A putative reason for this could arise from the scarcity of psychopathological strategies used in most of these studies. The aim of this
article is to contribute to the subject, from a phenomeno-structural viewpoint. To phenomenology, the notion of lived drunkenness is the main point to be studied, instead of the behavioral consequences of substance misuse. Two cases are presented, representing two different ideal types of temporal-spatial structure of psychotic experience. Accordingly, to each type, the global meaning of drunkenness varies, as
well as the conception of therapeutics. The use of these phenomeno-structural ideal types, considered as temporary methodological tools for the apprehension of the individual, may serve as a cogent strategy for a deeper approach to the problem ofpsychosis and substance misuse.
article is to contribute to the subject, from a phenomeno-structural viewpoint. To phenomenology, the notion of lived drunkenness is the main point to be studied, instead of the behavioral consequences of substance misuse. Two cases are presented, representing two different ideal types of temporal-spatial structure of psychotic experience. Accordingly, to each type, the global meaning of drunkenness varies, as
well as the conception of therapeutics. The use of these phenomeno-structural ideal types, considered as temporary methodological tools for the apprehension of the individual, may serve as a cogent strategy for a deeper approach to the problem ofpsychosis and substance misuse.
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Due to growing skepticism about the current psychiatric model, psychopathology has once again aroused interest in the psychiatric field. This article intends to examine the current perspectives of the phenomenological approach of... more
Due to growing skepticism about the current psychiatric model, psychopathology has once again aroused interest in the psychiatric field. This article intends to examine the current perspectives of the phenomenological approach of psychopathology in the context of psychiatry. To this end, we will situate phenomenology along the historical course of psychopathology, presenting the particularities of its understanding of the psychiatric object, and finally, we will defend, in general terms, the affinity of the phenomenological approach with the aspirations and practical needs of the field of psychiatry.
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Resumo O objetivo desta análise foi estabelecer medidas para o reconhecimento do desenvolvimento infantil saudável, campo ainda carente de análises fenomenológicas, apresentando, a partir da concepção da fenomenologia estrutural, uma... more
Resumo O objetivo desta análise foi estabelecer medidas para o reconhecimento do desenvolvimento infantil saudável, campo ainda carente de análises fenomenológicas, apresentando, a partir da concepção da fenomenologia estrutural, uma proposta de compreensão das características da espacialidade na estrutura psíquica da criança de 0 a 24 meses de idade. A estrutura psíquica não é inata em seu desenho final (adulto). Seu formato imaturo, ao longo do desenvolvimento, proporciona uma experiência de estar no mundo qualitativamente diferente do adulto. Neste artigo, descreveu-se a conformação estrutural da espacialidade e suas modificações ao longo do período delimitado, assim como as mudanças na possibilidade de vivenciar as experiências. Abstract This article proposes a structural-phenomenological approach to the "experience of the world" for children from 0 to 24 months of age through the examination of spatiality and its transformation during this period. The aim of this work is to establish milestones so as to recognize normal development through the acknowledgment of spatiality´s aprioristic form and its expected transformation. The
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Operational psychopathology and its use as diagnostic tool promoted by ICD and DSM, unified psychiatric language and also achieved some success in diagnosis reliability between psychiatrists. However, its hegemony lead to an impairment in... more
Operational psychopathology and its use as diagnostic tool promoted by ICD and DSM, unified psychiatric language and also achieved some success in diagnosis reliability between psychiatrists. However, its hegemony lead to an impairment in psychopathology semiotic abilities by psychopathologists and reduced teaching of alternative models of psychopathology. This study aims to show phenomenological contributions to psychic examination. Methods: A clinical case has been evaluated by both operational and phenomenological models, allowing reader to follow diagnostic reasoning and conclusion by different standards. Discussion: Operational criteria resulted in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and phenomenological diagnosis lead to schizophrenia which is a kind of illness with more reserved prognosis and diverse treatment compared to GAD.
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Forthcoming in in History of Psychiatry, 2017 Abstract Two fundamentally different approaches among phenomenological psychopathologists can be discerned. One is what we call fixed essentialism, where the pathognomonic element of, say,... more
Forthcoming in in History of Psychiatry, 2017
Abstract
Two fundamentally different approaches among phenomenological psychopathologists can be discerned. One is what we call fixed essentialism, where the pathognomonic element of, say, schizophrenia is conceived of as a single, enduring and intrinsically morbid way of grasping all entities in the world, including self and body. The other, which we call dialectical essentialism, accounts for the same manifestations of, say, schizophrenia, but through a process which is not life-enduring, and, most critically vis-à-vis the former formulation, is not in itself a single morbid defect: a morbid pattern of world, self and body is achieved by an imbalance between two or more otherwise healthy constituents of the ‘normal’ human being, whose imbalance and attempts to resolve this – the dialectic – induces the ‘morbidity’.
Abstract
Two fundamentally different approaches among phenomenological psychopathologists can be discerned. One is what we call fixed essentialism, where the pathognomonic element of, say, schizophrenia is conceived of as a single, enduring and intrinsically morbid way of grasping all entities in the world, including self and body. The other, which we call dialectical essentialism, accounts for the same manifestations of, say, schizophrenia, but through a process which is not life-enduring, and, most critically vis-à-vis the former formulation, is not in itself a single morbid defect: a morbid pattern of world, self and body is achieved by an imbalance between two or more otherwise healthy constituents of the ‘normal’ human being, whose imbalance and attempts to resolve this – the dialectic – induces the ‘morbidity’.
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Operational psychopathology and its use as diagnostic tool promoted by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) unified psychiatric language, and also achieve some... more
Operational psychopathology and its use as diagnostic tool promoted by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) unified psychiatric language, and also achieve some success in diagnosis confiability between psychiatrists. However, its hegemony lead to an impairment in psychopathological examination abilities by psychopathologists and reduced teaching of alternative models of psychopathology. This study aims to show phenomenological contributions to psychic examination. A clinical case has been evaluated by both operational and phenomenological models, allowing reader to follow diagnostic reasoning and conclusion by different standards. Operational criteria resulted in Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD) and phenomenological diagnosis lead to schizophrenia, an illness with more reserved prognosis and diverse treatment when compared to GAD.
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Phenomenological Psychopathology understands delusion as the result of changes in the aprioristic structure of consciousness. In this article, we will review the main contributions that classical and contemporary phenomenological authors... more
Phenomenological Psychopathology understands delusion as the result of changes in the aprioristic structure of consciousness. In this article, we will review the main contributions that classical and contemporary phenomenological authors have made to the theme. Departing from these psychopathological syntheses, we will discuss the structural genesis of this phenomenon, the possible evolutionary consequences of the delusional state, and its general meaning within the ontological framework of consciousness. At the same time that the analytical depth of the contributions restated here comprises the best of what has been done within the phenomenological approach, the reality is that extensive areas remain uncharted, especially when regarding the clinical consequence of these insights for clinical practice. Thus, as notes of a preliminary nature, we will make observations about the therapeutic implications of previous phenomenological findings. Among them, we shall emphasize the importance of the aprioristic sphere of consciousness in the design of a pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approach to schizophrenia worthy of the psychopathological tradition to which this contribution is affiliated.
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Even though psychopathology has consistently verified since its inception the coexistence of use/abuse of psychoactive substances and psychoses, the modalities of such association remain a psychiatric enigma. The... more
Even though psychopathology has consistently verified since its inception the coexistence of use/abuse of psychoactive substances and psychoses, the modalities of such association remain a psychiatric enigma. The epidemiological-semeiological literature, while investigating the relationships of causality, psychopathological typicality, and reasons for continued use even after psychological aggravation, is not conclusive. The aim of this paper is to offer a contribution from a phenomenological-psychopathological standpoint to the theme of relationships between psychosis and use/abuse of substances, allowing for a deeper anthropological understanding. The study defends that a phenomenological comprehension must have as an epistemological priority the investigation of the meanings of drug intoxication and the origins of psychosis. To do that, it is initially necessary that atemporalization be ackowledged as the essence of drug intoxication. Once existence is understood as a structured totality that evolves biographically, investigating the meanings of intoxication is synonymous with identifying how an atemporalizing influence acts upon a temporalized structure. From the meanings of intoxication it is then possible to determine two origins for psychotic outcomes: an endogenous origin, in which the primordial temporal meaning of existence is altered; and an exogenous origin, in which it is preserved. The two origins are not exclusive, and must be understood in terms of their proportional participation. Two clinical vignettes illustrate the use of such categories.
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The aim of this work is the search for the best categories for the study of structure-materiality relationships, on which depends the coherent understanding of phenomenological psychopathology, psychology, and psychiatric practice.... more
The aim of this work is the search for the best categories for the study of structure-materiality relationships, on which depends the coherent understanding of phenomenological psychopathology, psychology, and psychiatric practice. Structure is defined as a synthetic entity, relatively independent from its material components; materiality is defined - on an essentialist meaning - as solidity, intensity, and cyclical and mechanical modalities. The author supports the notion of a moderate structuralism. For the comprehension of such a structuralism it is necessary the simultaneous investigation of the logics of structure and materiality. Three modalities of typical relationships are examined and examples of each of them are offered.
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It is examined in this article the pertinence of the differential diagnosis between endogenous and exogenous psychoses, from a phenomenological point of view. Initially the author identifies the historical dualistic foundations of this... more
It is examined in this article the pertinence of the differential diagnosis between endogenous and exogenous psychoses, from a phenomenological point of view. Initially the author identifies the historical dualistic foundations of this distinction and then presents how a monistic ontology understands the theme of connection between phenomena. In order to disentangle the relations of connection in the phenomenological psychopathology it is necessary to replace the notions of cause and motivation – both referring to a dualistic point of view – by the notion of origin. The origin is determined by the meaning of the structure of the consciousness. Therefore, endogeneity and exogeneity may only be defined from the very innerness of this structure. A psychosis can be classified as endogenous if there is i. destruction of the primordial articulation of the structure, ii. hindering of resuming this articulation, and iii. autonomous actions of partial regions of the structure. Nevertheless, every non acute psychosis whose origin is external to the region of primordial articulation of the structure is exogenous. The limits and intertwining of these diagnoses are examined as well.
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Genetic factors play a role in the vulnerability to cocaine dependence. The reinforcing properties of cocaine are related to the dopaminergic system, and, in particular, the dopamine receptors have been linked to the reward mechanisms.... more
Genetic factors play a role in the vulnerability to cocaine dependence. The reinforcing properties of cocaine are related to the dopaminergic system, and, in particular, the dopamine receptors have been linked to the reward mechanisms. The present study examines the role of the variants TaqI A of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and BalI of the dopamine D3 receptor gene in a Brazilian sample consisting of 730 cocaine dependents and 782 healthy controls. The studied polymorphisms did not show any difference in allelic frequencies or genotypic distribution between the groups. Our data do not support a role for the dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI A and dopamine D3 receptor gene BalI gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to cocaine dependence in a Brazilian sample.
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ABSTRACT Estudos epidemiológicos em esquizofrenia estabeleceram que a idade de início para o gênero masculino precede em alguns anos aquela para o feminino. No entanto, tal efeito de gênero não vem sendo observado para os casos de... more
ABSTRACT Estudos epidemiológicos em esquizofrenia estabeleceram que a idade de início para o gênero masculino precede em alguns anos aquela para o feminino. No entanto, tal efeito de gênero não vem sendo observado para os casos de esquizofrenia familiar, em que pelo menos dois membros de uma mesma família recebam o mesmo diagnóstico. Nosso estudo examina pela primeira vez esta questão em uma população brasileira. Estudamos 31 pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia pelos critérios RDC, provenientes de 13 famílias com dois ou mais afetados. Nossos resultados confirmam os da literatura internacional, não encontrando diferenças entre gênero masculino e feminino na idade de aparecimento dos sintomas. Estes resultados indicam a possibilidade da existência de influência genética na idade de início do transtorno e devem receber atenção de estudos em genética molecular.
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One hundred years after the publication of the first edition of KarlJaspers´ General Psychopathology, it is relevant an evaluation of its value. This article examines one section of this work, the phenomenology. In order to understand the... more
One hundred years after the publication of the first edition of KarlJaspers´ General Psychopathology, it is relevant an evaluation of its value. This article examines one section of this work, the phenomenology. In order to understand the meaning of a partial science in General Psychopathology, it is necessary the global aprehension of the work, i.e. its emphasis on the dialetical relationship between parts and totality. This article demonstrates that the notion of hermeneutic circle is the main principle of the General Psychopathology. As a consequence, phenomenology as an empirical science is, for Jaspers, only a
particular investigation method, separated from philosophical reflections on existence
particular investigation method, separated from philosophical reflections on existence
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This study aims to analyze the eccentric way-of-being of the existence, as understood by Binswanger´s Daseinsanalyse. This comprehension is strongly influenced by the existential analytics of Martin Heidegger. We use the play The Master... more
This study aims to analyze the eccentric way-of-being of the existence, as understood by Binswanger´s Daseinsanalyse. This comprehension is strongly influenced by the existential analytics of Martin Heidegger. We use the play The Master Builder, of Henrik Ibsen, which was mentioned by Binswanger as an example of eccentricity. However, the author did not develop the reasons for the importance of the work. We intended to enlarge the analysis of the drama, and show its relations to the eccentric existence. Our reflections led us to understand that the Daseinsanalyse enables relocating psychopathological symptoms to its original foundation, which is the existence itself. In this sense, the eccentricity, before being an idea, behavior, or thought, has its roots in the disproportion of the a priori fundamental existential structures which allow the revelation of the Dasein as being-in-the-world.
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This article investigates the existential conditions of possibility of a population of crack cocaine abusers in Brazil. This work initially describes the essence of the drug intoxication; after that, it identifies the anthropological... more
This article investigates the existential conditions of possibility of a population of crack cocaine abusers in Brazil. This work initially describes the essence of the drug intoxication; after that, it identifies the anthropological situations at risk of crack abuse. It argues that an anthropological form denominated fusional existence, is specially vulnerable to the acute and transitory effect of the substance. This vulnerability occurs because of the pre- reflexive dominance of the present in relation to the other dimensions of the temporality. The article examines the ways of development of this existential form, concluding that the essence of crack dependence is a funneling, motivated by the condensation of the existence into a sole point of insertion in the world. This condition is accompanied by a rigid keeping of stabilized role identities, and even a reinforcement of colective values, that justifies the frequent psychopathogical findings in this group.
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The article explores the evolution of the Brazilian republic's laws and norms on mental illness during three periods. The first (1890-1910) saw the topic of mental pathology introduced into the State's realm of interest, with the main... more
The article explores the evolution of the Brazilian republic's laws and norms on mental illness during three periods. The first (1890-1910) saw the topic of mental pathology introduced into the State's realm of interest, with the main concern being to recognize and preserve the rights of those displaying such pathologies. During this period, mental alterations were understood in terms of neuropathology. The following period (1911-1945) saw expansion of government initiatives, with the same concerns as the previous period. The interpretation of mental illness did not undergo any major changes, although it broadened in scope. Marked by a discontinuity in relation to previous times, Brazil's developmentalist period (1946-1982) saw an economic developmentalist spirit hold sway, underpinned by humanist thought of conservative propensity. It brought a vigorous growth in the number of Brazilian hospitals, while interest in protecting the mentally ill continued.
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This essay aims to examine the essence of drunkenness in its temporal and spatial dimensions. Despite the interest shown by phenomenological literature in the study of psychopathological consequences of acute and chronic drunkenness, the... more
This essay aims to examine the essence of drunkenness in its temporal and spatial dimensions. Despite the interest shown by phenomenological literature in the study of psychopathological consequences of acute and chronic drunkenness, the essential characteristics of drunkenness have not yet been addressed in depth. This essay claims that the temporal essence of drunkenness is the overwhelming, disintegrator of temporality's condition, which converges to its own extinction in a temporality, thus encompassing a distinct ability of assimilatory magnetization of the temporal dimensions. From the spatial standpoint, the essential manifestation of the condition of drunkenness is increased materiality, expressed by means of compression and exclusivity. At last, we show how the essence of drunkenness gradually leads to instability and decrease in the consciousness' ability of temporalization, which are both typical of a general condition of addiction.
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This article develops a phenomenological contribution to biological psychiatry. Grounded in the principles of transformation, heterogeneity, proportionality and particularity, a paradigm of phenomenological orientation allocates to... more
This article develops a phenomenological contribution to biological psychiatry. Grounded in the principles of transformation, heterogeneity, proportionality and particularity, a paradigm of phenomenological orientation allocates to biology a role different from that assumed by official Cartesian psychiatry. First, no clear definition of what is biological may be established a priori—as a general application, and useful to each and every studied phenomenon. Biology may be understood only as the experience of ununderstandable elements within consciousness, and as belonging necessarily to a whole unity of conscious experience. Second, the research agenda in biological psychiatry necessarily intersects with the investigation of the particularities of each individual clinical case with its unique characteristics. Without this, the very notion of biological psychiatry becomes merely a theoretical abstraction. Finally, the continuity of the biological agenda needs to resume the construction and investigation of psychopathological categories that cohere with the reality of the mental universe.
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Aprendemos muito sobre a Dependência Química nos últimos 40 anos. No entanto, a área de psicopatologia não acompanhou todo esse avanço; permanecemos sem uma compreensão psicopatológica do adoecer psíquico que ocorre com o uso de... more
Aprendemos muito sobre a Dependência Química nos últimos 40 anos. No entanto, a área de psicopatologia não acompanhou todo esse avanço; permanecemos sem uma compreensão psicopatológica do adoecer psíquico que ocorre com o uso de substâncias. O livro do Prof. Dr. Guilherme Messas é uma grande contribuição nessa área. Desenvolve uma metodologia acerca de como a fenomenologia estrutural pode compreender toda a variedade do histórico das modificações produzidas na mente pelas intoxicações continuadas. Oferece um método, uma forma, uma estrutura para melhor observar esse fenômeno complexo. Mesmo para o não-iniciado em fenomenologia, esse método fica claro. Essa clareza é um componente essencial, uma característica do próprio método. A fenomenologia tem como objetivo primordial a investigação da psicopatologia tal e qual vivida pelo paciente. Seu procedimento é a análise, por via empática, das estruturas da vivência de cada paciente. Por esse motivo, sem deixar de lado a complexidade da experiência de cada indivíduo acometido por problemas com substâncias químicas, permite uma visão global e esclarecedora. Os casos clínicos expostos neste livro dão o testemunho dessa rica variabilidade de modos com que as substâncias obstruem uma vida
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A psicopatologia fenomenológica é uma ciência autônoma e independente, a psicopatologia fenomenológica teve, desde o seu início, a pretensão de fornecer fundamento epistemológico e empírico para o desenvolvimento mais acurado das práticas... more
A psicopatologia fenomenológica é uma ciência autônoma e independente, a psicopatologia fenomenológica teve, desde o seu início, a pretensão de fornecer fundamento epistemológico e empírico para o desenvolvimento mais acurado das práticas da psiquiatria e da psicologia clínica. Dentre as diversas correntes e acepções de psicopatologia fenomenológica, encontra-se a fenomenologia estrutural (termo cunhado por Eugène Minkowski), cuja visão de mundo inspira a maior parte dos autores dos artigos deste livro, reunidos sob a égide da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicopatologia Fenômeno-Estrutural (SBPFE). O intuito desta coletânea é apresentar à comunidade científica os caminhos contemporâneos que vem tomando essa escola clássica de psicopatologia no Brasil, em contínuo processo de renovação e recriação da tradição.
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Este livro parte do princípio de que a diversidade de orientações psicopatológicas observadas ao longo da história seja devida a distintas posições epistemológicas assumidas por seus autores. Uma psicopatologia, seus conceitos e suas... more
Este livro parte do princípio de que a diversidade de orientações psicopatológicas observadas ao longo da história seja devida a distintas posições epistemológicas assumidas por seus autores. Uma psicopatologia, seus conceitos e suas conclusões de dependem, portanto, do paradigma que a sustenta, declarada ou tacitamente. Optando por um paradigma da transformação (como pólo oposto de um paradigma da estabilidade) a reflexão contida neste livro examina as conseqüências da radicalização da opção voluntária na construção de uma ciência psicopatológica. 'Psicopatologia e transformação' retoma, relê e redimensiona certa tradição. Partindo de uma análise epistemológica dos antecedentes históricos dessa psicopatologia, apresenta propostas para a categorização fundamental de uma psicopatologia da transformação, desdobrada empiricamente em estudos sobre a consciência, sobre o movimento psíquico, sobre a interpessoalidade e em uma análise formal das transformações.
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Defendendo que o passado recebe seu sentido a partir da perspectiva de um pensamento presente em ato, este ensaio propõe uma orquestra de múltiplas tradições. Em harmonia com a observação das singularidades concretas e com uma... more
Defendendo que o passado recebe seu sentido a partir da perspectiva de um pensamento presente em ato, este ensaio propõe uma orquestra de múltiplas tradições. Em harmonia com a observação das singularidades concretas e com uma programática desconfiança contra as generalizações, o que o paradigma antigo apresenta é o primado das relações de proporção como alternativa à hegemonia das classificações universais e abstratas. Nesse quadro teórico, o próprio discernimento entre o saudável e o patológico se faz em termos de uma distinção entre, respectivamente, um devir pessoal que não se deixa paralisar e um enrijecimento que compromete a aptidão do indivíduo para a multiplicidade simultânea - o espaço - e sucessiva - o tempo. Assim sendo, a estabilidade do objeto, que é uma condição epistêmica incontornável, poderia coincidir, no caso do conhecimento da vida psíquica, com a caracterização mesma da doença, de sorte que o psiquismo saudável, que não se fixa em nenhuma forma definitiva, tornar-se-ia incognoscível. A busca da solução para esse paradoxo é uma das principais linhas de força deste ensaio.
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A Secretaria Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (Senad), do Ministério da Justiça (MJ), e a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) firmaram parceria para desenvolver o projeto “A gênese social do crack”. O projeto, coordenado pelo... more
A Secretaria Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas (Senad), do
Ministério da Justiça (MJ), e a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) firmaram parceria para desenvolver o projeto “A gênese social do crack”. O projeto, coordenado pelo professor Jessé Souza, consistiu em uma pesquisa qualitativa com usuários e agentes institucionais, tendo como objetivos investigar a relação entre o uso do crack e processos de exclusão e desclassificação social em diferentes esferas e dimensões e identificar mecanismos institucionais capazes de transformar essa relação.
Ministério da Justiça (MJ), e a Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) firmaram parceria para desenvolver o projeto “A gênese social do crack”. O projeto, coordenado pelo professor Jessé Souza, consistiu em uma pesquisa qualitativa com usuários e agentes institucionais, tendo como objetivos investigar a relação entre o uso do crack e processos de exclusão e desclassificação social em diferentes esferas e dimensões e identificar mecanismos institucionais capazes de transformar essa relação.